American Careers in the Terkels Working Essay -- Studs Terkel

America: The People behind the Professions A little girl dreams of a white wedding with white doves flying over the ceremony and the fairy-tale honeymoon. Only then to come home to the yellow house in the country, with the white picket fence included. Everyone has daydreamed about their future and having the â€Å"perfect† house, with the â€Å"perfect† car and the â€Å"perfect† marriage- everyone wants to live the â€Å"American Dream†. There are many people that believe that the â€Å"American Dream† is a concept that they are entitled to and expected to live. Then, there are those who believe that you should use the opportunities that America offers as a stepping stone to earn and create your own â€Å"American dream†. However, as time goes on the mainstream idea of â€Å"living the American Dream† has changed. This change is mostly due to the ever-changing economy, professions, and expectations of the American people. Throughout the book Working, by Studs Terkel, we meet many diverse groups of people to discover the people behind the jobs that allows American society to operate and how their choice of a career path has changed their lives. Here is "Mike Lefervre" , a 37-year-old steel worker. Lefervre talks down on intellectuals, and complains that they degrade people who actually work. A moment later, however, he contradicts and degrades himself: "A mule, an old mule, that's the way I feel." He is hurt and irritated that his son "lacks respect† but yet, "I want my kid to be a America: The People behind the Professions 3 snob... I want him to tell me he's not gonna be like me." Lefervre wants his son to have the life he never had and was unable to provide for him. This is a common thought for many parents in America. He talks about the anger... ...eer, musician, carpenter, street cleaner, farmer, office clerk, mechanic, housewife, stenographer, union organizer, bartender, truck driver... All of 'em! I'm the 'et cetera' and the 'And-so-forth' who do the work... I am... America." America: The People behind the Professions 5 We all know that most people hate their jobs. Work is seen as something we have to do, and very lucky few seem to find a job that we enjoy. How we feel about work, and what we do for a living, in many ways helps to define who we are and who we are going to become. Having seen actual people share their perspectives and view points on â€Å"working for a living† helps us see ourselves and rethink our future. Overall, Studs Terkel helps flash- back into America's history and see the changes that America ans it’s people have gone through.

Personality Case Study Essay

Personality can be defined as the characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and acting that make a person an individual (Fletcher & Garton, 2007). There are a number of different personality theories that aim to explain an individual’s personality, such as the Learning theory studied by B. F Skinner and the Trait theory studied by Cost and McCrae. By examining these personality theories in relation to a particular case study, it is possible to understand how an individual’s personality is influenced and how it develops. An example of a personality case study is that of Kate, a 20 year old university student. She is described as kind, caring and loyal and prefers watching movies and reading rather than going out to a party. Kate works hard studying psychology at university and volunteers to help children with autism. Kate has a strong relationship with her family and isn’t expected to contribute to household expenses. By examining the case study of Kate through the Learning and Trait personality theories, it is possible to have a greater understanding of Kate’s personality characteristics. The Learning theory of personality is one theory that can be used to examine an individual’s personality. One of the most influential theorists in this area was B. F Skinner who believed behaviour people think reflects personality is simply behaviour that has been learnt from past experiences with the world (Fletcher & Garton, 2007). The theorists of the learning theory basically believe that if a person’s behaviour is positively rewarded, they are more likely to repeat the action. However, if their behaviour was punished, it is less likely to happen again. This theory has been criticised for being too simplistic by not taking into account a person’s genetics and factors other than a person’s environment (such as thought processes, beliefs and motivation) that can influence their personality. Another argument is that personality consist of more than just behaviour. However, the learning theory is still a very influential personality theory and Skinner’s findings are still widely used as the basis for behaviour modification techniques. In relation to the case study of Kate, Skinner would argue that Kate’s personality and behaviour is a result of both reward and punishment as a child. For example, she works hard in her studies to achieve high results. It is possible that when she was younger, Kate’s parents rewarded her for achieving well at school or punished her for receiving a bad result. Skinner would argue that Kate demonstrates a solid work ethic because she was rewarded for similar behaviour earlier in her life. Another theory of personality that is commonly used is the Trait theory, studied by Costa and McCrae. This theory suggests there a five main dimensions of personality. These are: extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. An individual’s personality is a combination of high and low ratings in each of these dimensions. This theory claims that all these personality traits are stable and enduring. Some criticisms are that this theory isn’t specific enough as to how much of an individual’s personality is a result of genetics or environment. Also, this theory does consider unconscious thoughts and processes that may influence a person’s behaviour. The Trait theory is however a widely accepted personality theory which has been the basis for many studies and research. Costa and McCrae’s trait theory can be applied to the case study of Kate. She is described as being kind, caring and loyal. Kate also prefers watching movies and reading rather than going out. In terms of the Trait theory, Kate would be described as being introverted, conscientious, hard-working and well organised. The Trait Theory and the Learning theory are two very different understandings of personality, both with their own contributions and limitations, but both are relevant and useful when trying to understand an individual’s personality. Each theory is applicable to the case study of Kate in attempting to examine her personality type.

Character Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of...

Nana Fordwuo Mr. Broderick-King English 101 5/24/16 Essay A.M.D.G. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is faced with multiple â€Å"phonies† that divert him from those he really holds affection for. Throughout the novel Holden shows disgust for certain characters but his ability to build relationships of intimacy are most eminent. Through Allie Caulfield, Holden is able to make a more personal connection. Seeing as how he is now dead, Allie is a savior in the eyes’ of Holden when he is in the time of need. Phoebe Caulfield, Holden’s ten year old sister, shares similar tastes with Holden earning his respect as well as his time, allowing Holden to show affection to her more than any other character. Jane Gallagher although never physically present in the novel holds a special place in Holden’s heart, his first love. Through Jane, Holden is able to experience things that his brother and sister couldn t give him, earning her his ability to show affection. With the struggle between adolescenc e and adulthood, Holden Caulfield, of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, finds himself through the relationships he builds with Allie and Phoebe Caulfield as well as Jane Gallagher. Holden Caulfield glorifies his younger brother Allie more than any other character in the Catcher in the Rye. According to Holden, Allie was a genius as well as theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden - The Misfit Hero2101 Words   |  9 Pagesof The Catcher In The Rye      Ã‚     The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger was published in 1951. A recurring theme in J.D. Salingers stories concerns people who dont fit in with the traditional American Culture. Salingers misfit heroes, unlike the rest of society, are caught in the struggle between a superficial world and a conscious morality (1 Wildermuth). In his attempt to create a new and realistic portrayal of the times, Salinger first, effectively creates Holden Caulfield, the mainRead MoreTheme Of The Catcher In The Rye976 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger there are several different themes portrayed that widely relate to current issues of teenagers and adults alike. While reading the novel several different themes were revealed creating a deep and meaningful story line. Three themes viewed within the novel are; the phoniness of the adult world, alienation as a form of self-protection, and the painfulness of growing up. Each of these themes have lar ge significance in character and plot developmentRead MoreShould Banned Be Banned? A High School Curriculum?1603 Words   |  7 Pagesgruesome, yet extremely realistic portrayal of life. Among the novels that have been banned is The Catcher in The Rye, written by J.D Salinger, which describes the idiosyncratic ideals of sixteen year old mischief-maker, Holden Caulfield, and recounts the days following his suspension from Pencey University. In spite of the repetitive presence of sexual content and references it contains, The Catcher In The Rye should be included in all high school curriculums as it allows students to provoke deeper thoughtRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreCatcher in the Rye Word Choice795 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Word Choice in The Catcher in the Rye By Tom Condon Word choice is a crucial element in a well-crafted story. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a 16-year-old in New York in the 1950s named Holden Caulfield. The book is about his exploration in the world as he suffers from severe mental trauma from his point of view. J.D. Salinger uses word choice for realism, theme, and depth of character to make the story relate to the reader and add dimension. The Catcher in Rye contains many distinctRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesJ.D. Salinger’s Use of Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. This book entails many uses of symbolism throughout theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Holden Talks With Mr. Spencer Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis: This quote is from the part when Holden talks with Mr. Spencer. Since Holden failing all his classes except one, Mr. Spencer is advising Holden about the importance and the impact of his actions in his life. Holden’s perception of adults is depicted when he curses Mr. Spencer in his mind. By nodding silently to Mr. Spencer’s words, Holden actually disrespects adults. We can easily perceive that Holden feels alienated when Mr. Spencer tells him that he is one of those people on â€Å"the otherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a popular novel written by J.D. Salinger. Published in 1951, the book was originally written for adult s, but it is now remembered and adored by people from all parts of the world and people from all walks of life – especially by teenagers – a likely effect that was only inevitable considering the center stage of the narrator the great crumby flake Holden Caulfield, to use his style of speaking, who accurately portrayed teenage angst and loneliness in a style that many youngstersRead MoreDishonesty In Catcher In The Rye1184 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Oh what a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive!†. This line from a poem by Walter Scott, born in the late eighteenth-century, highlights that dishonesty is a gift that keeps on giving. Several decades later, J.D. Salinger published his book Catcher in the Rye, which stars sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield as he wanders around New York City after leaving school early. Holden is a self-confessed liar, and throughout the

Summary Of Symbolism In Toni Morrisons Beloved - 882 Words

According to the article, â€Å"Slavery, by the Numbers,† â€Å"The importation of slaves into the United States was banned by Congress [. . .] in 1808, yet by 1860, the nation’s black population had jumped from 400,000 to 4.4 million, of which 3.9 million were slaves,† (Louis Gates Jr. par. 8). The setting in Beloved is Cincinatti, Ohio, in 1873, and ideas of slavery and discrimination are prominent. Toni Morrison uses symbolism, characters’ rationales, and events that mirror history to establish a historical perspective in her novel Beloved. Symbolism is used in Beloved represents historical events. For example, Sethe, one of the main characters in the novel states, â€Å"I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house [. . .] those boys came in there†¦show more content†¦This quote from the novel represents how Sethe’s actions were deeply influenced by the anguish being a slave caused her. Being a slave was so degrading and awful that death seemed like the best way to prevent it from impairing her child. Several events that occur in Beloved mirror situations in history. For example, Sethe states, â€Å"‘My woman? You mean my mother? [. . .] Right on her rib was a circle and a cross burnt right in the skin. She said, ‘This is your ma’am. This,’ [. . . ] ‘I am the only one got this mark now. The rest dead. If something happens to me and you can’t tell me by my face, you can know me by this mark’† (Morrison 60-61). In this quote, Sethe remembers an interaction between her and her mother. Sethe’s mother had been a slave, and she had been branded with hot iron, leaving a circular mark on her rib. According to the article â€Å"The Branding (and Baptism) of Slaves,† the author states, â€Å"The Portuguese began the practice, in Arguin in the l440s, of the carimbo, the branding of a slave with a hot iron, leaving a mark in red on the shoulder, the breast, or the upper arm, so that it was evident that he or she was the prop erty of the king of Portugal, or some other master, and that a proper duty had been paid† (Thomas par. 1). Based on this quote, branding on a person’s skinShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Song of Solomon2983 Words   |  12 Pages Book Title Song of Solomon Author Toni Morrison Summary The first black boy ever born in Mercy Hospital in a town in Michigan comes into the world the day after an insurance agent named Robert Smith kills himself by trying to â€Å"fly† from the roof of the hospital across Lake Superior. The boys mother, Ruth, nurses him until he is eight or nine years old, thus earning him the ridiculous nickname Milkman. Milkman befriends an older boy named Guitar, visits his Aunt Pilate, and falls in love withRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesretrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further Reading 15. Copyright Read MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesretrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further Reading 15. Copyright

Bullying Is A Serious Issue - 852 Words

Of the many issues we face in society, I strongly believe there is a serious issue that is commonly overlooked. This issue happens to be bullying. Many people would be led to believe that bullying is something that only takes place in schools, commonly among younger children. Contrary to what many may think, this is extremely inaccurate. Bullying takes place before our eyes each and every day. Bullying can take place at school, work, and online. This issue is something that should be addressed by everyone and should be avoided at all costs. What is bullying? Bullying is defined as â€Å"repeated acts of aggression by individuals who have more power than their victims.† Bullying can be done in many ways, including verbally, physically, socially, or emotionally. Bullying can be dangerous for many reasons, but I think the biggest reason is the fact that it can go unnoticed with ease. Bullying is not easy to notice with the blind eye, especially when those who are being victimized are most likely not comfortable with finding help. Many people who are victims of bullying are hesitant to find help immediately. They could be intimidated, afraid, or fearful of being humiliated. A victim of bullying may not even realize they are being bullied. This can go both ways as well. The person bullying the victim may not realize they are bullying someone. Bullying can be a problem in many places. One of the most common places where bullying takes place is in schools. Although it is most commonShow MoreRelatedBullying Is A Common And Serious Issue1218 Words   |  5 Pages What is teachers’ role in the school? Bullying is a common and serious issue in many schools these days and bullying is not only the United States’ but also in other countries’ problem. Basically, bullying prevents students from feeling safe in schools and also it prevents developing positive self-concepts. The longer bullying goes on, the more the students are affected. In handling bullying problems, teacher’s role is the most important to prevent bulling because teachers can directly interactRead MoreBullying And Bullies Are Serious Issues982 Words   |  4 PagesBoth bullying and bullies are serious issues, when it comes to middle school and high school. Both bullying and bullies, often harm peoples : self-image, self-esteem, self-confidence, feelings and attitudes. Most of the victims like me, have gone through a whole lot of drama, and trauma. They are just trying to get out of the bullying situations that occur, and end up leaving really bad memories and experiences. The victims, meanwhile, ar e trying to stay strong through it all, and stand up for themselvesRead MoreThe Internet and Cyberbullying Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Bullying Nowadays, the Internet is regarded as the most widely used source of social media and the fastest way to exchange knowledge and information all over the world, playing a vital role in everyone’s daily life. The internet has countless functions, useful for everyday work and entertainment, but it is being abused by people nowadays. One of the ways it is being abused is by cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet to make fun of others, belittle them, andRead MoreThe Effect Of Teen Bullying Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Teen Bullying Bullying is defined as a superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what they want. Teenage bullying is a serious problem in school and it is not always physical. There are several types of bullying including physical, verbal ,emotional, covert and cyberbullying. Physical bullying can include fighting, hitting, kicking, etc. while emotional bullying can include gossiping or leaving someone else out on purpose(Bullying Info and FactsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeatedRead MoreCyberbullying Is Becoming More Of A Problem Than Traditional Bullying998 Words   |  4 Pagesis becoming more of a problem than traditional bullying, more kids are getting social media and bullying others each and every day. This type of bullying continues to grow with the amount of technology that is coming out into the world. Cyberbullying does not get taken as serious as traditional bullying. It is becoming a huge problem in this day in age and needs more attention than it is getting. Social media is a huge factor for this type of bullying to take place. Nobody takes it seriously becauseRead MoreResearch Paper-Bullying1614 Words   |  7 PagesBullying â€Å"Words will never hurt me† used to be just an expression, but now bullying has gotten so bad that words really do hurt, this is known as â€Å"bullicide†. Many children, teens, and even some adults are victims of physical, verbal, or cyber bullying. Bullying affects victims negatively and can sometimes lead to suicide. Children, parents, and teachers need to work to prevent and end bullying. Bullying is a serious issue that has numerous causes and effects that can sometimes be life changingRead MoreBullying At The Nursing Profession845 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying in the Nursing Profession Carli Jessop Flathead Valley Community College Bullying is a term that many associate with children and while this has been recognized as a serious issue in schools across the country, such conduct unfortunately does not stop there. It has been said that nurses eat their young and while this may sound particularly extreme, bullying as well as lateral and vertical violence in the nursing profession has been an ongoing and increasingly prevalent issueRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthe familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, the first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issue has began to proliterate,R ead MoreBullying Is The Third Leading Death Cause For Young People1256 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Bullying is defined as a physical or mental victimization of a person by another person or group. Bullying is a major problem among teens in the United States today. During the 2007 -2008 school year over thirty-two percent of the nation’s students had reported a case of being harassed or abused by a fellow peer. Bullying causes a rapid declination is the victim s mental health. They suffer drastic, and dangerous behavior changes, mental issues that are similar to these could result

Competency Mapping free essay sample

Dr. R. Mohan Kumar*** This article portrays the importance of competency based human resource Management where it identifies preferred human skills and displays outstanding performance from the average. Management exhibits a sound level of understanding of competency to adequately perform tasks, practically and effectively within quality standards. This article details the competencies where the generic knowledge, motive, strength and skill of a person are linked to superior performance on the job. The article displays the importance of establishing clear high standards and proper analysis of factual data against the set standards. Competency Mapping has emerged as a major concern for the organization in the recent times and has attracted the attention of the top management. If Competency Mapping is done, then the organization can identify its area of thrust and take necessary actions for future implementation of the activities. Zensar Technologies which has a successful competency based HR system, points out that competency mapping helps identify the success criteria and the performance excellence required for individuals to be successful in their roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Competency Mapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is significant that nearly all their HR interventions are linked to competency, Competency refers to the desired level of attitude, knowledge and skills required to do a job in the best possible manner. Competence refers to the actual level of attitude, knowledge and skills possessed by the employee holding a particular job position. In any organization, one of the major concern areas for the Human Resource Department is to determine the competencies of the processes and to evaluate the strength level of the person working on it.HR professionals are entrusted with the responsibility in selection of training and development, administration, deployment support, performance appraisal and performance diagnostics of the employees. Competency mapping is a process of identifying and defining the key competencies of an individual for a particular position in an organisation and then using it for job-evaluation, recruitment, training and development, performance management, succession planning, measurement against well accepted standards.Competency mapping is done to determine the critical activities of the mandatory processes of the organization Now let us spark our attraction on the application side of competency mapping. Methodology of Competency Mapping The most successful method is to employ research methodology using Behavioral Event Interview (BEI) techniques to selectively sample the target population. Following the collection of the behavioral data, it should be sorted, categorized and leveled carefully to create models that are concise and comprehensive, simple and sophisticated.Using Behavioural Interview methods the organisation creates a model that reflects its own strategy, its own market, its own c ustomers, and the competencies that bring success in that specific context which includes national culture too. As once the model is complete, it can be used more effectively by transferring these skills to selection interviewing, development assessments, and so on which ultimately benefits the organization to a great extent. Developing and utilizing competency models has been equated with running a profitable and successful organization through strategic management of the professional talent within the organization. Recruitment and Selection Competency mapping plays a significant role in recruiting and retaining people as it gives more accurate analysis of the job requirements, the candidates capability, Diversity of the applicant, accuracy of applicant’s expectations, Self-insight knowledge, skills, and abilities. HR seeks to place the right employees at the right time and at the lowest possible cost, thereby providing means for the organization to pursue its competitive strategy and fulfill its mission.Recruitment encompasses both the attraction and the selection of the most qualified personnel where a sufficient number of qualified applicants are attracted to and ultimately accept the positions in an efficient manner. Competency mapping in Internal Recruitment which seeks applicants for positions from among the ranks of those currently employed gives better assessment of candidates, reduces training time, motivates employees and reduces economic parameters. Also it plays a vital role i n External recruitment where it increases diversity, facilitates growth and solves novel problem.Thus Competency assessment facilitates much more extensive knowledge of the candidates which ultimately helps to make more valid decisions. Training and Development Human competence is the most important element which leads to the success of any business. Training is an attempt to improve employee performance on a currently held job or one related to it which involves learning experience and a planned organizational activity in response to identified needs. Competency in Training and development includes three segments namely, assessment, development followed by evaluation.Training needs assessment is a systematic determination of training needs which ultimately derives objectives for the training program. It comprises of organizational analysis, Job analysis and person analysis. An organizational analysis answers where the training emphasis need to be placed and what factors may affect training. A job analysis tries to answer the questions of what need to be taught in the training and how the trainee can perform the task satisfactorily. A person analysis attempts to answer the question of who needs training in the firm and the specific type of training required. Once the competencies are determined, proper training is provided to the individuals to work more efficiently on the processes. Training practices includes entry level technical training, quality process training, personal effectiveness and managerial programs which helps employees to expertise in their profession. Training acts as a building block for the development of factors like confidence, ability, integrity and competence that paves the way. Well organized training schedules and modules helps to increase the quality of workplace by improving its knowledge, ttitude and performance that eventually leads to the triumph of the organization. Competency based training and Development allows trainees to share each other’s experiences and insight, stimulates employees’ interest and activates employees’ skills. Competency mapping in training and Development bridges the gap between what is required of a person to perform his/her work and what she/he is skilled and gives consensus to reward system of organization. Rewards and Recognition The criteria for reward system focus mainly on quality performance, innovation, effort or attendance. Workers who work hard and produce more quality results would receive greater rewards than workers who contribute less. Competency related reward and recognition system is a method of rewarding and recognizing people to the level of competence, they demonstrate in carrying out their roles. Financial rewards provide a tangible form of recognition and therefore serve as indirect motivators, provide financial recognition to employees for their achievement in the shape of attaining or exceeding their performance targets or reaching the level of competence skill.

Melanie Klein Essay Example

Melanie Klein Essay Melanie Klein (30 March 1882 – 22 September 1960) was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children and was particularly interested in the early psychological development that which had a significant impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis and is still used in present day therapeutic techniques. Klein was the first to use psychoanalysis on young children. She was unique by working with children using toys. Klein is named as one of the co-founders of Object Relations Theory. Anna Freud was researching ORT during the same time as Klein. Freud’s ideas concerning children mostly came from working with adult patients; Klein was innovative in working directly with children, often as young as two years old. Klein saw children’s play as their primary mode of emotional communication. After observing troubled children play with toys such as dolls, animals, plasticine, pencil and paper, Klein attempted to interpret the specific meaning of play. Following Freud she emphasized the significant role that parental figures played the child’s phantasy life, and considered that the timing of Freud’s Oedipus complex was incorrect. Contradicting Freud, she concluded that the superego was present from birth ORT is a theory of relationships between people, such as the mother and her child. A basic belief is that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to form successful early relationships leads to later problems. It is also concerned with the relation between the subject and their internalized objects, as well as with external objects. Thus we have a relationship with the internal mother as well as an external one. We will write a custom essay sample on Melanie Klein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Melanie Klein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Melanie Klein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Example: As the child feeds, it feels gratified and satiated when the breast produces sufficient milk, in which case it is loved and cherished. When the child is prematurely withdrawn or the breast does not provide sufficient food, the child is frustrated and the breast is hated and the recipient of hostile thoughts. The mother thus receives love or destructive attack depending on this. The baby experiences extremes of feeling. When he is angry, it is total anger and rejects and thrusts away the mother. When he is happy, he loves and adores her. He projects his bad feeling and associates her with it. In Klein’s concept, phantasy originates from within and imagines what is without, it offers an unconscious commentary on instinctual life and links feelings to objects and creates a new combination: the world of imagination. For Klein, unconscious phantasies underlie not only dreams but all thought and activity, both creative and destructive, including the expression of internal object relations. They modify external events, investing them with significance. While Freud’s ideas concerning children mostly came from working with adult patients, Klein was innovative in working directly with children, often as young as two years old. Klein saw children’s play as their primary mode of emotional communication. After observing troubled children play with toys such as dolls, animals, pencil and paper, Klein attempted to interpret the specific meaning of play. Following Freud she emphasized the significant role that parental figures played the child’s phantasy life, and considered that the timing of Freud’s Oedipus complex was incorrect. Contradicting Freud, she concluded that the superego was present from birth. PHANTASIES: -satisfy instincts by converting them into ideas and images. Hunger leads to a phantasy of an object that can satisfy it. come from instincts that border physical and psychical activities and are thus experienced both physically and mentally. For example a child who sucks its thumb is enacting the phantasy of feeding. Satisfying experiences are re-enacted internally through phantasies. -enables the ego to perform its most basic function of establishing object relations. A worl d of good and bad objects are thus constructed through a process of projection and introjection between the external and internal worlds. Phantasy thus allows us to construct both our own identity and also, through projection, the construction of others. develop in and into play, and Klein used play therapy to learn about the early development of infants as a more effective method than Freuds use of free association. -continue through childhood and into adult life. Phantasies becoming more elaborate and referring to a wider range of objects and situations continue throughout development and accompany all activities; they never stop playing a great part in all mental life (Klein:1997:251) -is a state of mind of an infant child during the early stages of development. stem from genetic needs, drives and instincts. They appear in symbolic form in dreams, play and neuroses. They are constructed from internal and external reality, modified by feelings, and emotions, and then projected into both real and imaginary objects. -are the means by which infants make sense of the external world and hence relate to it through Projection and Introjections. Infantile feelings and phantasies leave, as it were, their imprints on the mind, imprints that do not fade away but get stored up, remain active, and exert a continuous and powerful influence on the emotional and intellectual life of the individual (Klein:1975:290) Depressive Position: After exploring ultra -aggressive phantasies of hate, envy, and greed in very young, very ill children, Melanie Klein proposed a model of the human psyche that linked significant fluctuation of state, with whether the postulated Eros or Thanatos instincts were in the fore. She named the state of the psyche, when the sustaining principle of life is in domination, the depressive position. This is considered by many to be her great contribution to psychoanalytic thought. Klein argued that people who never succeed in working through the depressive position in their childhood will, as a result, continue to struggle with this problem in adult life. For example: the cause that a person may maintain suffering from intense guilt feelings over the death of a loved one, may be found in the un-worked- through depressive position. The guilt is there because of a lack of separation between inside and outside and also as a defense mechanism to defend the self against unbearable feelings of intense sadness and sorrow and subsequently the internal object against the unbearable rage of the self, which can destroy the (internal) object forever. Klein saw the depressive position as an important developmental milestone that continues to mature throughout the life span. The splitting and part object relations that characterize the earlier phase are succeeded by the capacity to perceive that the other who frustrates is also the one who gratifies